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Wales, part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, forming
administratively a part of England and occupying a broad peninsula on the western
side of the island of Great Britain. Wales also includes the island of Anglesey,
which is separated from the mainland by the narrow Menai Strait. Wales is bounded
on the north by the Irish Sea; on the east by the English counties of Cheshire,
Shropshire, Hereford and Worcester, and Gloucester; on the south by Bristol Channel;
and on the west by Saint Georges Channel and Cardigan Bay. The maximum north-south
extent of the Welsh mainland is about 220 km (about 137 mi); in an east-west direction
the distance varies between 60 and 155 km (36 and 96 mi). The total area of Wales
is 20,768 sq km (8019 sq mi). Cardiff is the capital, principal seaport, and shipbuilding
center.Land and Resources Wales has an irregular coastline with
many bays, the largest of which is Cardigan Bay. Except for narrow, low-lying
coastal regions, mainly in the south and west, Wales is almost entirely mountainous.
The principal range is the Cambrian Mountains, which extend north and south through
central Wales. Other major highland areas are the Brecon Beacons in the southeast
and the Snowdon massif, in the northwest, which reaches an elevation of 1085 m
(3560 ft), the greatest in England and Wales. The Dee River, which rises in Bala
Lake, the largest natural lake in Wales, and flows through northern Wales and
England, is the principal river. In the south numerous rivers flow through steep
valleys, including the Usk, Wye, Teifi, and Towy. Plants and Animals Most
plant and animal life is similar to that of England. Wales has abundant ferns
and mosses in low-lying, wet areas. Grasslands predominate at higher elevations.
Some wooded areas, including stands of mountain ash, oak, and various coniferous
species, are found in the mountains at elevations up to 305 m (1000 ft). At higher
elevations chiefly small shrubs, coarse grasses, and alpine flora subsist. Among
the few animals found in Wales but not in England are the pine marten and the
polecat. Climate The climate of Wales, like that of England,
is mild and moist. The average daily temperature in July is 15.6њ C (60њ F), and
in January it is 5.6њ C (42њ F). Annual rainfall varies with elevation, ranging
from about 762 mm (about 30 in) in certain coastal regions to more than 2540 mm
(more than 100 in) in the Snowdon massif. Natural Resources Coal
is the most valuable mineral resource of Wales; deposits are located mainly in
the south. Falling demand for coal since the 1940s has resulted in the closure
of many Welsh mines. Some high-grade anthracite is found, but output consists
principally of bituminous coal. Slate and limestone are also commercially important,
and limited amounts of manganese, gold, lead, uranium, copper, zinc, and fireclays
are also found. Much of the soil of Wales is of infertile rocky or leached types.
The most fertile soils are in the southeast and in a few coastal areas. Much of
the electricity generated by the country's large waterpower resources is exported
to England. Population The people of Wales, like those of Great
Britain in general, are descendants of various stocks, including Celts, Scandinavians,
and Romans. According to preliminary 1991 census data, the population of
Wales was 2,798,200. The population density was approximately 135 people per sq
km (348 per sq mi). About three-quarters of the population is concentrated in
the mining centers in the south. Principal Cities The major
cities of Wales are Cardiff (population, 1991 preliminary, 272,600), the capital,
principal seaport, and shipbuilding center; Swansea (182,100), a seaport and center
of the tin-plate industry; Newport (129,900), an industrial center; and Rhondda
(76,300), a center of the Welsh coal-mining region. Political Divisions Local
government in Wales was reorganized in 1974, when the former counties and boroughs
were abolished and replaced by eight new counties. The counties are divided into
a total of 37 districts, which are further divided into communities. Administration
at all three local levels is the function of popularly elected councils. The new
and the former counties of Wales, all of which are described in separate articles,
are listed in the accompanying table. Religion The Church of
England was the established church of Wales and England until 1920, when it was
disestablished in Wales. The Welsh branch of the Church of England is the faith
of about 110,000 Welsh. The next largest religious body, with about 72,800 adherents,
is the Calvinistic Methodist church, known as the Presbyterian Church of Wales. Language Both
English and Welsh are official languages. English is spoken by most of the population.
A small percentage of the people speak Welsh only; more than one-quarter of the
population speak both Welsh and English (see Celtic Languages). As part of an
effort to preserve Welsh culture, the government supports Welsh language books,
plays, and other artworks. Education The educational system
of Wales is similar to that of England. In 1970 education was made bilingual,
and in some districts instruction is given in Welsh, and English is taught as
a second language. See England. The principal institution of higher education
is the University of Wales (1893). The university is composed of the University
College of Wales in Aberystwyth, the University College of North Wales in Bangor,
University College in Cardiff, Saint David's University College in Lampeter, the
University College of Swansea, the University of Wales College of Medicine in
Cardiff, and the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology in Cardiff.
In the mid-1980s the University of Wales had an annual enrollment of about 19,500
students. Culture Somewhat isolated by a rugged, mountainous
terrain, the Welsh have retained more of the culture of their Celtic forebears
than have either the Scots or the English. A strong feeling of national solidarity
exists in Wales, and a nationalist revival has received some political support,
to the point that representatives of the Welsh Nationalist Party serve in the
House of Commons in London. The Welsh are well known for their love of singing,
and their hymns and folk songs are widely known throughout the world. Music plays
a large part in the annual festival, the Royal National Eisteddfod, at which poetry
reading and Welsh folk arts are also featured. The Eisteddfod is held each year
in a different locality, and Welsh natives and those of Welsh descent from all
over the world attend. The International Music Eisteddfod is also held annually
in Llangollen. Cultural Institutions Principal libraries include
the National Library of Wales in Aberystwyth, and the Library of the National
Museum of Wales in Cardiff. Some major museums are the National Museum in Cardiff,
the Museum of Welsh Antiquities of the University College of North Wales in Bangor,
and the Welsh Folk Museum in Saint Fagans. Notable performing companies are the
Welsh National Opera Company and the Welsh Theatre Company. Art and Music Wales
has had few famous painters, but Richard Wilson and Augustus John are world-famous
Welsh artists. Until recent years conditions and opportunities for musical
composition, in the modern sense, did not exist in Wales. The long and rich folk
tradition, however, has been maintained throughout the rural districts especially,
and, since 1906, the Welsh Folk Song Society has done valuable work in collecting
and publishing this material. Choral singing, stemming from the religious revival
of the late 18th century, is an extremely popular and characteristic part of Welsh
musical life. Traditional instruments, especially the harp, are still played.
Local and national music festivals play an important role in the cultural life
of the region. Economy Mining is a chief economic activity
of Wales and one of the largest single sources of employment. The economy is largely
integrated into that of Great Britain. Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing In
general the raising of livestock, mainly beef and dairy cattle and sheep, is more
important than crop cultivation. Crops include barley, oats, potatoes, and hay.
Less than 10 percent of the land is under cultivation, and about 40 percent is
in grazing land. Forests cover only about 4 percent of the land, but government
reforestation programs are gradually increasing the area. The fishing industry
is concentrated along the Bristol Channel. Mining Coal is the
most valuable mineral resource of Wales. The main coalfield is in the southeastern
counties. The mines of Wales produce about 10 percent of the total coal output
of Great Britain. Limestone and slate are also produced. Manufacturing The
refining of metal ore, much of which is imported, is the major manufacturing industry.
Almost all the tin plate and much of the aluminum of the sheet steel produced
in Britain is made in the Welsh plants. Since the 1940s many new industries have
been established. These include oil refining and the manufacture of plastics,
electronic equipment, synthetic fibers, and automotive parts. Milford Haven, in
southwestern Wales, has been developed as a major petroleum-importing port and
refining center. Government Wales is governed as an integral
part of England; for the governmental system, see Great Britain. The secretary
of state for Wales is responsible for matters relating specifically to Wales
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