RICHARD I COEUR DE LION (THE LIONHEART) (r. 1189-199)Henry's elder son,
Richard I (reigned 1189-99), fulfilled his main ambition by going on crusade in
1190, leaving the ruling of England to others. After his victories over Saladin
at the siege of Acre and the battles of Arsuf and Jaffa, concluded by the treaty
of Jaffa (1192), Richard was returning from the Holy Land when he was captured
in Austria. In early 1193, Richard was transferred to Emperor Henry VI's custody.In Richard's absence, King Philip of France failed to obtain Richard's French
possessions through invasion or negotiation. In England, Richard's brother John
occupied Windsor Castle and prepared an invasion of England by Flemish mercenaries,
accompanied by armed uprisings. Their mother, Queen Eleanor, took firm action
against John by strengthening garrisons and again exacting oaths of allegiance
to the king. John's subversive activities were ended by the payment of a crushing
ransom of 150,000 marks of silver to the emperor, for Richard's release in 1194.
Warned by Philip's famous message 'look to yourself, the devil is loosed', John
fled to the French court.
On his return to England, Richard was recrowned
at Winchester in 1194. Five years later he died in France during a minor siege
against a rebellious baron. By the time of his death, Richard had recovered all
his lands. His success was short-lived. In 1199 his brother John became king and
Philip successfully invaded Normandy. By 1203, John had retreated to England,
losing his French lands of Normandy and Anjou by 1205.