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Переводчики,
говорящие словари. |
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Видеоуроки передачи на английском языке для детей TOEFL Караоке |
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Richard2(1377-99)(grandson of Edward III, son of the Black Prince)
[22-07-2009]
RICHARD
II (1377-99)Edward III's son, the Black Prince, died in 1376. The King's
grandson, Richard II, succeeded to the throne aged 10, on Edward's death. In 1381
the Peasants' Revolt broke out and Richard, aged 14, bravely rode out to meet
the rebels at Smithfield, London. Wat Tyler, the principal leader of the peasants,
was killed and the uprisings in the rest of the country were crushed over the
next few weeks (Richard was later forced by his Council's advice to rescind the
pardons he had given). Highly cultured, Richard was one of the greatest royal
patrons of the arts; patron of Chaucer, it was Richard who ordered the technically
innovative transformation of the Norman Westminster Hall to what it is today.
(Built between 1097 and 1099 by William II, the Hall was the ceremonial and administrative
centre of the kingdom; it also housed the Courts of Justice until 1882.)
(подробнее... | 2661 байтов еще | Комментировать? | Рейтинг: 0) |
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Edward3(r. 1327-77)(son of Edward II)
[22-07-2009]
EDWARD III (r. 1327-77)Edward III was 14 when he was crowned
King and assumed government in his own right in 1330. In 1337, Edward created
the Duchy of Cornwall to provide the heir to the throne with an income independent
of the sovereign or the state. An able soldier, and an inspiring leader, Edward
founded the Order of the Garter in 1348. At the beginning of the Hundred Years
War in 1337, actual campaigning started when the King invaded France in 1339 and
laid claim to the throne of France. Following a sea victory at Sluys in 1340,
Edward overran Brittany in 1342 and in 1346 he landed in Normandy, defeating the
French King, Philip IV, at the Battle of Crecy and his son Edward (the Black Prince)
repeated his success at Poitiers (1356). By 1360 Edward controlled over a quarter
of France. His successes consolidated the support of the nobles, lessened criticism
of the taxes, and improved relations with Parliament. However, under the 1375
Treaty of Bruges the French King, Charles V, reversed most of the English conquests;
Calais and a coastal strip near Bordeaux were Edward's only lasting gain.
(подробнее... | 1691 байтов еще | Комментировать? | Рейтинг: 0) |
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Edward2(r. 1307-1327)(son of Edward I)
[22-07-2009]
EDWARD
II (r. 1307-1327)Edward II had few of the qualities that made a successful
medieval king. Edward surrounded himself with favourites (the best known being
a Gascon, Piers Gaveston), and the barons, feeling excluded from power, rebelled.
Throughout his reign, different baronial groups struggled to gain power and control
the King. The nobles' ordinances of 1311, which attempted to limit royal control
of finance and appointments, were counteracted by Edward. Large debts (many inherited)
and the Scots' victory at Bannockburn by Robert the Bruce in 1314 made Edward
more unpopular.
(подробнее... | 1272 байтов еще | Комментировать? | Рейтинг: 0) |
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Edward1 Longshanks(r. 1272-1307)(son of Henry III)
[22-07-2009]
EDWARD
I (r. 1272-1307)Born in June 1239 at Westminster, Edward was named by his
father Henry III after the last Anglo Saxon king (and his father's favourite saint),
Edward the Confessor. Edward's parents were renowned for their patronage of the
arts (his mother, Eleanor of Provence, encouraged Henry III to spend money on
the arts, which included the rebuilding of Westminster Abbey and a still-extant
magnificent shrine to house the body of Edward the Confessor), and Edward received
a disciplined education - reading and writing in Latin and French, with training
in the arts, sciences and music. In 1254, Edward travelled to Spain for
an arranged marriage at the age of 15 to 9-year-old Eleanor of Castile. Just before
Edward's marriage, Henry III gave him the duchy of Gascony, one of the few remnants
of the once vast French possessions of the English Angevin kings. Gascony was
part of a package which included parts of Ireland, the Channel Islands and the
King's lands in Wales to provide an income for Edward. Edward then spent a year
in Gascony, studying its administration.
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THE PLANTAGENET DYNASTIES (1216-1485) :Henry3(r. 1216-1272)(son of John)
[22-07-2009]
HENRY
III (r. 1216-1272)Henry III, King John's son, was only nine when he became
King. By 1227, when he assumed power from his regent, order had been restored,
based on his acceptance of Magna Carta. However, the King's failed campaigns in
France (1230 and 1242), his choice of friends and advisers, together with the
cost of his scheme to make one of his younger sons King of Sicily and help the
Pope against the Holy Roman Emperor, led to further disputes with the barons and
united opposition in Church and State. Although Henry was extravagant and his
tax demands were resented, the King's accounts show a list of many charitable
donations and payments for building works (including the rebuilding of Westminster
Abbey which began in 1245).
(подробнее... | 1706 байтов еще | Комментировать? | Рейтинг: 0) |
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John 1199-1216 (fifth son of Henry II)
[22-07-2009]
RICHARD I COEUR DE LION (THE LIONHEART) (r. 1189-199)Henry's elder son,
Richard I (reigned 1189-99), fulfilled his main ambition by going on crusade in
1190, leaving the ruling of England to others. After his victories over Saladin
at the siege of Acre and the battles of Arsuf and Jaffa, concluded by the treaty
of Jaffa (1192), Richard was returning from the Holy Land when he was captured
in Austria. In early 1193, Richard was transferred to Emperor Henry VI's custody.
(подробнее... | 1624 байтов еще | Комментировать? | Рейтинг: 0) |
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Richard1 Coeur de Lion(r. 1189-1999)(third son of Henry II)
[22-07-2009]
RICHARD I COEUR DE LION (THE LIONHEART) (r. 1189-199)Henry's elder son,
Richard I (reigned 1189-99), fulfilled his main ambition by going on crusade in
1190, leaving the ruling of England to others. After his victories over Saladin
at the siege of Acre and the battles of Arsuf and Jaffa, concluded by the treaty
of Jaffa (1192), Richard was returning from the Holy Land when he was captured
in Austria. In early 1193, Richard was transferred to Emperor Henry VI's custody.
(подробнее... | 1620 байтов еще | Комментировать? | Рейтинг: 0) |
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THE ANGEVINS : Henry2 Curtmantle(r. 1154-1189)(grandson of Henry I)
[22-07-2009]
HENRY II CURTMANTLE (r. 1154-1189)Henry II ruled over an empire which
stretched from the Scottish border to the Pyrenees. One of the strongest, most
energetic and imaginative rulers, Henry was the inheritor of three dynasties who
had acquired Aquitaine by marriage; his charters listed them: 'King of the English,
Duke of the Normans and Aquitanians and Count of the Angevins'. The King spent
only 13 years of his reign in England; the other 21 years were spent on the continent
in his territories in what is now France. Henry's rapid movements in carrying
out his dynastic responsibilities astonished the French king, who noted 'now in
England, now in Normandy, he must fly rather than travel by horse or ship'. By
1158, Henry had restored to the Crown some of the lands and royal power lost by
Stephen; Malcom IV of Scotland was compelled to return the northern counties.
Locally chosen sheriffs were changed into royally appointed agents charged with
enforcing the law and collecting taxes in the counties. Personally interested
in government and law, Henry made use of juries and re-introduced the sending
of justices (judges) on regular tours of the country to try cases for the Crown.
His legal reforms have led him to be seen as the founder of English Common Law.
(подробнее... | 1738 байтов еще | Комментировать? | Рейтинг: 0) |
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Henry 6 (r. 1422-1461 and 1470-1471)(deposed)(son of Henry V)
[22-07-2009]
HENRY VI (r. 1422-1461 and 1470-1471)Born at Windsor Castle, Henry VI
succeeded to the thrones of England and France before the age of one, when his
father Henry V and his grandfather Charles VI of France died within months of
each other. Henry was crowned King of England in 1429 and, in 1431, King of France.
His minority was dominated by his uncles Cardinal Beaufort and the Duke of Gloucester
(who opposed each other). Another uncle, the Duke of Bedford, was Regent of France;
his death in 1435, combined with Burgundy breaking the alliance with England,
led to the collapse of English rule in northern France. The dual monarchy proved
too difficult for the King and England to maintain; the successes of the Dauphin
and Joan of Arc began to weaken England's grip on its French possessions and Normandy
was lost in 1450. Henry's cultural patronage and genuine interest in education
(he founded Eton and King's College, Cambridge) were outweighed by his patchy
and partisan interest in administration. Failure in France and domestic unrest
(for example, the Cade rebellion of 1450) encouraged factionalism.
(подробнее... | 2614 байтов еще | Комментировать? | Рейтинг: 0) |
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HENRY V (r. 1413-1422)
[22-07-2009]
HENRY
V (r. 1413-1422)Soon after his accession, Henry V laid claim to the French
crown. Stern and ruthless, Henry was a brilliant general who had gained military
experience in his teens, when he fought alongside his father at the battle of
Shewsbury. In 1415, Henry set sail for France, capturing Harfleur. His offer to
the French Dauphin of personal combat (Richard I and Edward III had made similar
offers in their time) was, like those of his predecessors, refused; he went on
to defeat the French at the Battle of Agincourt. In alliance with unreliable Burgundy,
and assisted by his brothers (the Dukes of Clarence, Bedford and Gloucester),
Henry gained control of Normandy in subsequent campaigns. By the Treaty of Troyes
(1420), he gained recognition as heir to the French throne, and married Charles
VI's daughter Katherine.
(подробнее... | 1252 байтов еще | Комментировать? | Рейтинг: 0) |
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