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Переводчики,
говорящие словари. |
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Видеоуроки передачи на английском языке для детей TOEFL Караоке |
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THE LANCASTRIANS :Henry 4(r. 1399-1413)(grandson of Edward III, son of John of Gaunt)
[22-07-2009]
Henry IV spent much of the early part of his reign fighting to keep control of his lands. Exiled for life by Richard II in 1399, Henry's successful usurpation did not lead to general recognition of his claim (he remained unrecognised as King by Charles VI of France).
An outbreak of the plague in 1400 was accompanied by a revolt in Wales led by Owen Glendower. In 1403, Henry's supporters, the Percys of Northumberland, turned against him and conspired with Glendower - the Percys and the Welsh were defeated by Henry at the Battle of Shrewsbury. This victory was followed by the execution of other rebels at York (including the Archbishop in 1405). By 1408 Henry had gained control of the country. Henry was dogged by illness from 1405 onwards; his son played a greater role in government (even opposing the King at times). In 1413, Henry died exhausted, in the Jerusalem Chamber at Westminster Abbey.
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Stephen(r. 1135-1154) (nephew of Henry I)
[22-07-2009]
STEPHEN
AND MATILDA (r. 1135-1154)Though charming, attractive and (when required)
a brave warrior, Stephen (reigned 1135-54) lacked ruthlessness and failed to inspire
loyalty. He could neither control his friends nor subdue his enemies, despite
the support of his brother Henry of Blois (Bishop of Winchester) and his able
wife Matilda of Boulogne. Henry I's daughter Matilda invaded England in 1139 to
claim the throne, and the country was plunged into civil war. Although anarchy
never spread over the whole country, local feuds were pursued under the cover
of the civil war; the bond between the King and the nobles broke down, and senior
figures (including Stephen's brother Henry) freely changed allegiances as it suited
them.
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Henry 1 Beauclerc(r. 1100-1135) (William Rufus' brother)
[22-07-2009]
HENRY
I (r. 1100-1135)William's younger brother Henry succeeded to the throne.
He was crowned three days after his brother's death, against the possibility that
his eldest brother Robert might claim the English throne. After the decisive battle
of Tinchebrai in 1106 in France, Henry completed his conquest of Normandy from
Robert, who then (unusually even for that time) spent the last 28 years of his
life as his brother's prisoner. An energetic, decisive and occasionally cruel
ruler, Henry centralised the administration of England and Normandy in the royal
court, using 'viceroys' in Normandy and a group of advisers in England to act
on his behalf when he was absent across the Channel. Henry successfully sought
to increase royal revenues, as shown by the official records of his exchequer
(the Pipe Roll of 1130, the first exchequer account to survive). He established
peaceful relations with Scotland, through his marriage to Mathilda of Scotland.
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William 2 Rufus(r. 1087-1100)
[22-07-2009]
Strong, outspoken and ruddy (hence his nickname 'Rufus'), William II (reigned 1087-1100) extended his father's policies, taking royal power to the far north of England. Ruthless in his relations with his brother Robert, William extended his grip on the duchy of Normandy under an agreement between the brothers in 1091. (Robert went on crusade in 1096.) William's relations with the Church were not easy; he took over Archbishop Lanfranc's revenues after the latter's death in 1089, kept other bishoprics vacant to make use of their revenues, and had numerous arguments with Lanfranc's popular successor, Anselm. William died on 2 August 1100, after being shot by an arrow whilst hunting in the New Forest.
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THE NORMANS : William 1 the Conqueror(r. 1066-1087)
[22-07-2009]
WILLIAM
I 'THE CONQUEROR' (r. 1066-1087)Born around 1028, William was the illegitimate
son of Duke Robert I of Normandy, and Herleve (also known as Arlette), daughter
of a tanner in Falaise. Known as 'William the Bastard' to his contemporaries,
his illegitimacy shaped his career when he was young. On his father's death in
1035, William was recognised by his family as the heir - an exception to the general
rule that illegitimacy barred succession. His great uncle looked after the Duchy
during William's minority, and his overlord, King Henry I of France, knighted
him at the age of 15. From 1047 onwards, William successfully dealt with
rebellion inside Normandy involving his kinsmen and threats from neighbouring
nobles, including attempted invasions by his former ally King Henry I of France
in 1054 (the French forces were defeated at the Battle of Mortemer) and 1057.
William's military successes and reputation helped him to negotiate his marriage
to Mathilda, daughter of Count Baldwin V of Flanders. At the time of his invasion
of England, William was a very experienced and ruthless military commander, ruler
and administrator who had unified Normandy and inspired fear and respect outside
his duchy.
(подробнее... | 11634 байтов еще | Комментировать? | Рейтинг: 5) |
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Edgar Atheling(r. Oct-Dec 1066)
[22-07-2009]
Edgar the Atheling was a grandson of Edmund II Ironside and a great-grandson of Ethelred 'The Unready'. After the Norman invasion, he mounted a brief rebellion, wresting control for a short period at the end of 1066, but was later put down by William I.
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Harold 2(r. Jan-Oct 1066)
[22-07-2009]
HAROLD
II (r. Jan-Oct 1066)On Edward's death, the King's Council (the Witenagemot)
confirmed Edward's brother-in-law Harold, Earl of Wessex, as King. With no royal
blood, and fearing rival claims from William Duke of Normandy and the King of
Norway, Harold had himself crowned in Westminster Abbey on 6 January 1066, the
day after Edward's death. During his brief reign, Harold showed he was an outstanding
commander. In September, Harald Hardrada of Norway (aided by Harold's alienated
brother Tostig, Earl of Northumbria) invaded England and was defeated by Harold
at the Battle of Stamford Bridge near York. Hardrada's army had invaded using
over 300 ships; so many were killed that only 25 ships were needed to transport
the survivors home.
(подробнее... | 1420 байтов еще | Комментировать? | Рейтинг: 0) |
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Edward 3 the Confessor(r. 1042-1066)
[22-07-2009]
EDWARD
III 'THE CONFESSOR' (r. 1042-1066)In 1042 Edward 'the Confessor' became
King. As the surviving son of Ethelred and his second wife, Emma, he was a half-brother
of Hardicanute. With few rivals (Canute's line was extinct and Edward's only male
relatives were two nephews in exile), Edward was undisputed King; the threat of
usurpation by the King of Norway rallied the English and Danes in allegiance to
Edward. Brought up in exile in Normandy, Edward lacked military ability or reputation.
His Norman sympathies caused tensions with one of Canute's most powerful earls,
Godwin of Wessex, whose daughter, Edith, Edward married in 1045 (the marriage
was childless).
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Hardicanute(r. 1035-1042)
[22-07-2009]
Harthacnut was the son of Canute and his second wife, Emma, the widow of Ethelred II. His father intended Hardicanute to become king of the English in preference to his elder brother Harold Harefoot, but he nearly lost his chance of this when he became preoccupied with affairs in Denmark, of which he was also king. Instead, Canute's eldest son, Harold Harefoot, became king of England as a whole. In 1039 Hardicanute eventually set sail for England, arriving to find his brother dead and himself king.
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Harold Harefoot(r. 1035-1040)
[22-07-2009]
Harold Harefoot was the son of Canute and his first wife, Elfgifu. The brothers began by sharing the kingdom of England after their father's death - Harold Harefoot becoming king in Mercia and Northumbria, and Harthacanute king of Wessex. During the absence of Hardicanute in Denmark, his other kingdom, Harold Harefoot became effective sole ruler. On his death in 1040, the kingdom of England fell to Hardicanute alone.
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